Protection

Transformers Fire Protection System – Causes, Types & Requirements

Basic Requirements for Transformers Fire Protection System Causes of Fire in Transformers Excessive overheating, extremely severe short circuits, faults in the oil and lightning strokes may cause a fire on…
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Submarine Cables – Construction, Characteristics, Cables Laying & Joints

An Introduction to Submarine Cables & Subsea Power Cables Introduction to Submarine Cables The development of offshore wind farms and oil and gas offshore platforms requires the installation of power,…
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Design of Grounding / Earthing System in a Substation Grid

Design of Earthing / Grounding System in a Substation Grid Introduction to Substation Earthing Grid In high and medium voltage[1]Air Insulated Substations (AIS) the electromagnetic field, which causes are the…
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Introduction to Harmonics – Effect of Harmonics on Power System

What are Harmonics and How to Filter and Eliminate it. (Manuel Bolotinha) Introduction to Harmonics The quality of electrical power supply is an important issue both for utility companies and…
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Short Circuit Currents And Symmetrical Components

Short Circuit Currents And Symmetrical Components (Manuel Bolotinha) Short Circuit Faults and Currents Short-circuits can occur phase-to-phase and phase-to-earth, mainly due to: Dielectric breakdown of insulating materials (ageing, severe overheating…
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Cable Size Calculation for LT & HT Motors

How to calculate the Cable size for LT & HT Motors? Selecting the right cable size for the motor is an important parameter for the Industry whether it’s during Installation…
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What is a Voltage Stabilizer and How Does It Work?

What is a Voltage Stabilizer and Why Do We Need It? Stabilizer Operation, Types, and Applications. Introduction to Stabilizer: The embedding of microprocessor chip technology and power electronic devices in…
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MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker) – Construction, Working, Types and Applications

Miniature Circuit Breaker(MCB – Construction, Operation, Types and Applications Introduction to Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs) All fuses should be replaced with MCBs (Miniature Circuit Breakers) for enhanced safety and control…
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How to Size Earth Conductor, Earthing Lead and Earth Electrodes?

Determine the Size of Earth Continuity Conductor, Earthing Lead & Earth Electrodes? The sizing of earth continuity conductors, earthing leads, and earth electrodes for earthing or grounding purposes depends on…
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What is DC Drive? Operation and Classification of DC Drives

What are DC Drives? Analog and Digital DC Drives DC drive technology is efficient, reliable, cost effective, operator friendly and relatively easy to implement. DC drive provides many advantages over…
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