Protection
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Transformers Insulation Materials in Oil-Immersed & Dry Type T/F
Types of Transformers Insulation Materials Insulation in Oil-Immersed Transformers The most common insulation today for high-voltage windings in transformer is an enamel coating on the wire, with kraft paper used…
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Power System Restoration – Outage, Voltage Collapse & Switching Programs
Power System Restoration – Power Outage & Restoring the Power Introduction Modern power grids are extremely complex and widespread. Surges in power overhead lines and other faults can cause massive…
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Working in Confined Spaces – Hazards & Safety
Working in Confined Spaces – Workers Health & Safety What is Confined Space ? A confined space is defined, in what concerns labor and safety regulations, as an area which…
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Working on De-Energized Electric Circuits, Networks & Equipments
De-Energized Work procedure & Safety in Electrical Engineering Introduction Electricity presents to the workers and installations different hazards and for this reason local operations and maintenance of electrical equipment should…
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Electrical Shock Hazards & Its Effects on Human Body
Electrical Shock Hazards & Effects What is Electrical Hazard? Electrical hazard or Electric Shock may be defined as “Dangerous event or condition due to direct or indirect electrical contact with…
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Design & Installation of Control & Monitoring Systems in Electrical Engineering
Design, Installation, Testing & Commissioning of Control & Monitoring Systems Design Implementation The preparation of the design of control and monitoring systems requires the definition of a set of actions:…
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Protective Actions to Avoid & to Reduce Electric Hazardous
Protective Actions to Reduce & Avoid Electric Hazardous General Rules As general safety rules for EHV, HV and MV installations (EHV: Extra High Voltage – V ≥ 150 kV. HV:…
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Treeing in XLPE Insulated Medium & High Voltage Cables
Electrical Treeing in XLPE Insulated MV & HV Cables (Manuel Bolotinha) Nowadays XLPE (Cross-linkedpolyethylene) is the most used insulation material of medium and high voltage cables, which presents important advantages over…
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Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Electrical Works
Electrical Works – Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) To protect the employee’s body from injury Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) must be used. Basic PPE consists of: Cotton protective clothing with long…
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Types & Characteristics of Surge Arresters
Surge Arresters – Types & Characteristics Introduction Atmospheric lightning phenomenon on overhead lines and bare conductors or metallic structures of an outdoors substation and over voltages due to switching operations…
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